高职教育专业人才培养方案质量诊断指标体系的建立

专业人才培养方案是高职院校培养专门人才的实施方案,为高质量完成人才培养工作提供途径和方法。高职教育实用性人才的培养必须以毕业生就业岗位需求为基础,确定培养目标、建立课程体系、以真实的工作或生产项目为载体完成教学内容、校企合作共同完成人才培养全过程。可以从制定依据、就业岗位、课程体系、项目体系和实践体系等方面实施诊断工作,保证人才培养方案质量。     

Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on growth,diet conversion,body chemical compositions and distal intestinal health in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora,Richardson)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on the physical barrier function, pro‐inflammatory response and possible underlying mechanisms in the distal intestine (DI) of yellow drum when fed a high‐SBM diet. Three iso‐proteic and iso‐lipidic diets were formulated with fish meal (FM, the control), 45% fish meal protein replaced by SBM (SBM) and 45% fish meal protein replaced by SBM but supplemented with 0.15% SB (SBM + SB). Fish were fed twice daily for 10 weeks. Results indicated that SB supplementation significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) and methionine content of muscle when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). The morphologic histology results showed that SB dramatically improved the physical barrier structure, characterized as increases of fold height (FH) and muscular thickness (MT) (p < .05). RT‐qPCR data were accordant with morphologic histology results, in which claudin 3, claudin 4 and occludin were increased while claudin 7 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA expression levels were decreased (p < .05). Sodium butyrate also exerted anti‐inflammatory function, which may be attributed to the suppression of nucleus p65 protein expression. Results suggest SB can be incorporated in high‐SBM diets to ameliorate the negative consequences of alternative dietary ingredients on yellow drum physiology.     

外施苹果酸对紫色小白菜生长、生理与品质的影响

【目的】探究外施苹果酸对紫色小白菜生长、生理与品质的影响,筛选最适的外施苹果酸质量浓度,为紫色小白菜的优质培育以及高产栽培奠定理论基础。【方法】以‘京研'紫色小白菜为试验材料,采用水培技术,设置外施苹果酸0 mg/L(对照,CK)、0.5 mg/L(T1)、1.5 mg/L(T2)、3.0 mg/L(T3)、5.0 mg/L(T4)、10.0 mg/L(T5)共6个处理,研究不同质量浓度外施苹果酸对紫色小白菜叶片和根系形态学指标、根系显微结构及相关品质指标的影响。【结果】(1)随苹果酸质量浓度的增大,紫色小白菜叶片和根系形态指标均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中T1、T2处理显著优于对照,叶片表面积、体积较大,且可促进植株根系增长、面积增大、侧根增粗,而T5处理因苹果酸质量浓度过高阻碍了根系伸展。(2)根系显微结构观察发现,T1、T2、T3处理紫色小白菜新生侧根根尖1 cm处直径均显著高于对照,维管束和木质部区域直径增大,有助于运输更多的营养物质和水分。T5处理根系皮层细胞层数较少,细胞体积较大且排列疏松。(3)紫色小白菜叶片可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量随处理时间延长逐渐增高,随苹果酸质量浓度的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,以T2处理最优。紫色小白菜叶片可溶性糖和总有机酸含量9 d时整体下降,且随苹果酸质量浓度的增大呈先上升后下降趋势,T1、T2处理显著高于对照。(4)苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸和酒石酸含量随苹果酸质量浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而柠檬酸含量呈先下降后上升的趋势。T1、T2、T3处理苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸含量较高,对照、T4、T5处理柠檬酸含量较高。【结论】外施苹果酸能够影响紫色小白菜的生长及生理状况,施用适宜质量浓度(1.5 mg/L)的苹果酸可有效促进紫色小白菜地上部和根系生长,提高苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸含量,提升植株营养品质。     

Bio‐physical models of marine environments reveal biases in the representation of protected areas

1. The significant shortfall in global marine protection targets is likely to continue to drive rapid growth in marine protected areas (MPAs). Systematic conservation planning to fill gaps in marine protection requires sufficient knowledge of both the distribution of biodiversity and the threats to species and ecosystems. Yet such data are lacking for much of the marine environment, creating significant challenges for planning effective marine protection.
2. In the absence of habitat mapping data, critical environmental variables associated with species' distributions can be used to model the spatial distribution of different environments. Although this approach has been used in some jurisdictions to assist MPA planners, the increased availability and resolution of spatial data now provide an opportunity to improve assessments of MPA representation.
3. Capitalizing on advances in spatial data, this study uses a range of biological and physical environmental attributes to model the distribution of Australian marine environments. Given many Australian MPAs were implemented without knowledge of the distribution of species and benthic habitats, this Bio‐physical model is used to assess MPA coverage and equality of protection for Australian marine environments.
4. Results of the Bio‐physical model revealed that Australian MPAs overrepresent warm, offshore waters (such as the Coral Sea) and underrepresent temperate environments. Furthermore, the distribution of protection in Australian MPAs is heavily skewed, with no‐take protection disproportionately targeting tropical environments, leaving major gaps in the protection of both temperate and nearshore habitats.
5. Without comprehensive habitat mapping, the representativeness and adequacy of an MPA system cannot be accurately evaluated, nor can the required expansion of MPAs be planned effectively. In the interim, the biological and physical attributes chosen for this model provide useful proxies to assist in efforts to better target current and future protection based on the most up‐to‐date knowledge.

     

Length‐based assessment of larval lamprey population structure at differing spatial scales

1. Perspectives on lamprey management contrast between pest control in the US Great Lakes and species conservation in the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand, and Europe. Five lamprey species are listed in the European Union (EU) Habitats Directive (HD) as requiring conservation measures. Assessments of HD ‘conservation status’ for these lampreys mainly target the larval (ammocoete) stage.
2. Larval lamprey populations can be assessed by evaluating presence or absence, density and demographic structure in riverine samples. Demographic structure has typically been described from length–frequency data using qualitative approaches and the statistical assignment of age classes. Length‐based indicators (LBIs) may provide a more rapid and flexible framework.
3. The demographic structure of a fish population can be described by univariate length metrics: length range (L_RANGE) and 90^th percentile of length (L₉₀). This study used a pooled data set from seven Irish catchments to estimate a reference point (RP) value for each metric corresponding to a healthy larval lamprey population. Two LBIs were then derived that can be estimated for an observed (OBS) population as LBI_RANGE = L_{RANGE_OBS}/L_{RANGE_RP} and LBI₉₀ = L_{90_OBS}/L_{90_RP}.
4. Simulated lamprey population length structures, representing a range of status values, were used to develop a reference gradient (RG) to support population assessment using LBIs. The assessment framework was applied to each of the seven Irish catchments, and also to subcatchment and sampling‐site scales within the Barrow system. The LBIs and RG suggested that most catchments had favourable conservation status overall, whereas smaller assessment scales revealed a spread of status values.
5. The proposed framework allows the rapid assessment of demographic structure and comparison across systems. There is potential to track states across sampling sites, events, and legislative reporting cycles, and to interpret change in relation to the local environment. The general approach may be adaptable for other fish species monitored during juvenile stages.

     

稻田土壤养分特性对不同耕作方式的生态响应

为深入了解耕作措施对稻田耕层土壤的作用效果,笔者在前人研究结果的基础上综述了免耕、翻耕等不同耕作方式对稻田土壤物理性质包括容重、孔隙度、团聚体、水分、温度,土壤化学性质如氮、磷、钾、有机质和微量元素含量以及土壤生物学特性包括微生物、酶活性的影响,分析了不同稻作措施的优缺点。最后对稻田耕层的合理调控提出因地制宜,依据当地的气候、土壤条件、栽培模式选择合理的耕作方式;合理轮耕,免耕、翻耕和旋耕交替运作;配施绿肥和有机肥;推行节水稻作模式等建议。     

有效体育教学模式的创建与实施*

有效体育教学的内涵主要包括三个方面，即，体育教学要重效果，体育教学要好效益，体育教学要高效率。有效体育教学模式是指在“健康第一”思想指导下相对稳定的一种教学程序，其创建步骤主要包括确立教学指导思想、明晰目标内涵、分析教学情境、编选教学内容、创设运作程式。有效体育教学模式的实施要全程渗透健康引领的价值观念，细化体育教学有效性的指标体系，加强教师的有效指导，激活学生的主体参与。     

中、美学校体育课程设置比较分析*

运用比较分析等方法，对宾夕法尼亚州和上海市学校体育课程设置进行比较分析发现，美国学校体育课程设置内容广泛，重视个体全面发展、注重人文关怀、注重各级学校体育课程衔接；提出上海市学校体育课程设置要提高衔接性、体育课程设置应该重视人文关怀，关注残疾人体育、充分利用体制优势，促进学生养成良好体育锻炼习惯、加强学校、家庭和社区的联动，构建完整体育活动圈等建议。以期为学校体育课程改革提供些许有益的参考，从而进一步促进学生身心健康。     

浅谈生物技术专业物理化学教学改革的探索

作者根据生物技术专业培养目标,从教育创新的角度出发,对物理化学在生物技术专业中重要作用及基础地位进行了阐述,并通过对学科特点的深入理解,结合学校实际情况,从课程体系、教学内容及方法、科学评价体系、理论教学与生产实际相结合四个方面着手对物理化学课程的改革,重点探讨生物技术专业物理化学教学的改革方向,以及如何培养适应实际生...     

颗粒日粮中添加柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标、瘤胃发酵及羊肉品质的影响

[目的]研究颗粒日粮中添加柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标、瘤胃发酵及羊肉品质的影响。[方法]选择体重相近的健康去势滩羊20只,随机分成两组,每组10只;对照组饲喂含有10%菊花粕的颗粒日粮,试验组饲喂含有6%柠条和4%菊花粕的颗粒日粮;开展周期为50天的育肥试验,测定滩羊的生长性能指标;育肥试验结束后,测定滩羊血液生化指标;屠宰后测定滩羊的屠宰性能指标,并取瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标;取背腰最长肌,测定粗脂肪、粗蛋白、氨基酸含量以及脂肪酸组成。[结果]试验组和对照组滩羊的初始体重和终末体重无显著（P>0.05）差异;试验组平均日增重较对照组降低10.84%,差异不显著（P>0.05）;对照组平均日采食量显著（P<0.05）高于试验组;两组试验羊料肉比相同。试验组滩羊血清中的总蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,其他血液生化指标无显著（P>0.05）差异。对照组滩羊屠宰率比试验组高1.59%,差异不显著（P>0.05）;两组试验羊肝脏重、肝脏指数、心脏和肺脏重、心脏和肺脏指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验组滩羊瘤胃液中丁酸浓度显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,异戊酸浓度显著（P<0.05）低于对照组。对照组和试验组滩羊背腰最长肌中分别检测出18种和20种脂肪酸,粗蛋白含量分别为17.51%和20.92%,粗脂肪含量分别为3.22%和3.89%,总氨基酸含量分别为13.25%和14.09%。[结论]颗粒日粮中加入柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能影响不明显,但可改善瘤胃发酵,丰富羊肉中脂肪酸组成及含量,增加肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和氨基酸含量。